Government Regulation - 1301 Words

The purpose of this paper is to assess different types of government regulations, how those regulations affect current market structures while defining the different types of market structures and finally what provisions and laws have been put in place to protect consumers and society from big business and firms choices. Industrial regulation is the government’s attempt to enact laws designed to prevent firms from participating in bad monopolistic practices and to promote competition in the market space. The reason industrial regulation exists is to keep an eye on firms by making sure monopolies don’t start, however if they do or currently exist regulations are put in place to monitor prices and products to make sure society and†¦show more content†¦Economic theory justifies natural monopolies on the basis that consumers can benefit from a monopoly so long as restrictions are put into place surrounding output and high prices of goods by the monopoly. Consumers benefit by being able to purchase a desired product at lower per-unit costs. To provide an example of how natural monopolies are established most often would be surrounding public utilities, such as water, gas and electricity services. It makes more sense for the city or state to take on these responsibilities rather than having multiple firms in the market driving up price and providing lesser goods/services per firm. Economic theory supports monopoly in industries like public transportation and the postal service. Beginning in the late 1800s government began to enact four major pieces of legislation collectively known as the Antitrust Laws. The Sherman Act of 1890 is the founding legislation which states that any firm or individual operating in restraint of trade is committing an illegal act and secondly any person or firm attempting to monopolize or conspire has committed a felony. The first piece of legislation is the Clayton Act of 1914 which directly builds on the Sherman Act by specifying what specific acts are in restraint of trade and attempts at monopolization. Sections of the act outlaw price discrimination, tying contracts, purchase of stock of a rival firm that would cause less competition an d interlockingShow MoreRelatedGovernment Regulation Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesGovernment Regulation Throughout history there have been many different opinions about government regulation. Some believe the government regulates business too much others feel that the government does not do enough. I believe the government is regulating business far too much and furthermore putting businesses out of business and causing many workers to lose jobs. In this paper I will point out the common problems dealing with government regulation. I will also focus on three major aspectsRead MoreGovernment Regulations Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesGovernment Regulations on Businesses Advantages and Disadvantages Samuel Pinckney Grantham University Abstract This paper will discuss the proposed views on the advantages and disadvantages of government regulations on businesses. Government Regulations on Businesses Advantages and Disadvantages There are advantages and disadvantages that may be associatedRead MoreGovernment Regulation Of The United States1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe government has always played a very strong role in the laws of the United States and in the lives of people who live in this country. At times in history, the government has been too strict on its people other times.These leaders have, however, failed to achieve a successful medium between these two treatments. The situation is similar to this one when dealing with most everything that the government has any type of control over. Although there are opposing sides which either argue for strictRead More Self Regulation over Government Regulation on The Internet Essay470 Words   |  2 Pages How involved should the Government be when it comes to regulation of the Internet? There are many different issues regarding internet regulation. Should Internet users be responsible for controlling how they use the Internet? Since the internet has been i ntroduced to Americans there have been many debates on how involved the Government should be in regulating topics such as violent games, gambling, and sexual content. The Internet is a very useful source for many things. It has almost become aRead MoreGovernment Intervention Vs. Self Regulation874 Words   |  4 PagesBusiness Ethics: Government Intervention vs. Self-Regulation Wealth brings power and power can at times bring corruption. In today’s economy where individuals are no longer the concern when it comes to wealth, the global attention is drawn to corporations who hold the majority of our wealth. This calls for us to take cetain measures that can ensure the existence of a socially responsible behavior amongst all corporations, and these measures could be introduced in many forms, quite possibly the mostRead MoreGovernment Regulation And Its Effect On Society Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages with many pieces to create a much larger thing. Government and society are simply pieces of the same machine that depend on each other. Likewise, government and society have the option to liberate or limit the activities of men and it is a necessary occurrence of life. Government is dependent on society because social behaviors exists wherever there are good or bad, proper or improper relationships between human beings. Humans install government from the ir own belief that human behavior is â€Å"self-centered†Read MoreGovernment, Regulation Business Ethics2112 Words   |  9 PagesGovernment, Regulation amp; Business Ethics The issue of business relations with government has increasingly become a key issue of business ethics. Some of the many questions raised are * Is it acceptable for corporations to use their considerable power tp shape government policy? * Is the government jeopardizing its role in protecting the public interest when politicians sit on the board of corporations? The government has a crucial role to play in establishing the ‘rules of the game’Read MoreProducer Protection, Prior Market Structure and the Effects of Government Regulation3100 Words   |  13 PagesProducer Protection, Prior Market Structure and the Effects of Government Regulation Assignment on Regulatory Economics 1/5/2012 â€Æ' INTRODUCTION The direct economic regulation of business by independent government commissions has a one-hundred year history on the North American continent. It is generally asserted that the purpose of such commissions is to protect consumers from exploitation by limiting the economic powers of certain firms having pervasive effects on the public interestRead MoreEssay about Government Regulations and Rights2340 Words   |  10 Pagescitizens are getting tired of the governments increasing control of the economy, health care, and a dodgy recovery plan (Engstrom, 2). According to a national survey, Voters are starting to realize that the regulations implemented by government are beginning to intrude more so on people’s personal lives (Thompson and Tringali, 2). The survey also said that, A majority of both conservatives (61%) and liberals (54%) say they are both negatively impacted by regulations that tell American business whichRead MoreThe Government Regulation Of Tobacco And Alcohol Sa les And Supply1848 Words   |  8 Pageswithout effecting other groups benefits. (Palmer, Short, 2014) Such as governments Indigenous Chronic Disease Package which aims to manage chronic diseases that effect Indigenous Australians. (AIWH 2014) Another health policy is regulatory, which provides limitations on how specific groups act, some groups are allowed more freedom while others can be more restricted. (Palmer, Short 2014) For example, the state government regulation of tobacco and alcohol sales and supply. (AIHW 2014) While in pursuit

Bill Gates and Tim Berners-Lee Their Contributions to...

Bill Gates and Tim Berners-Lee: Their Contributions to Information Technology and the IT Industry Nowadays, information technology is playing a significant role in human’s life. Actually, it has only been developing for several decades. In fact, there are two key men who contribute greatly for this process. They are Bill Gates and Tim Berners-Lee. This essay will explain their contribution to IT and its industry and discuss it in several aspects. There remain several differences between the computer before early 1970s and they are now. At that time, it is very huge and expensive. In January 1975, Popular Electronics magazine announced that the first microcomputer of the world which called Altair 800 had appeared. It is a real†¦show more content†¦It has the online serving software, Internet Explorer, which allowed users to open the website freely. Meanwhile, Windows 95 created the desktop, the start menu and 32-bit compatibility. As a result, consumers could operate the PC much easier, communicate with others and share information by Internet. The later Windows operating systems were almost created by using Windows 95 as the pattern. Both Bill Gates and Tim Berners-Lee contribute much to Information Technology and its industry. Gates set up Microsoft, created Windows operating systems and Office software, which allowed human to be more accessible with computers. Users could deal with issues, do research and official work by PC. It is almost Bill Gates who makes all of these more convenient. Moreover, Gates designed Internet Explorer software for consumers to find the information on World Wide Web, which created by Tim Berners-Lee. They can also play computer games, watch videos and purchase goods online. With their achievements, many other economic industries has been developing, such as online shopping and online games industry. In addition, people are fond of making friends and contact others by social softwares, such as Facebook and Twitter in 3/6 recently years. Because of their contribution, people’ life has become much easier, and s they are more closed to others. Furthermore, Bill Gates is famous for his

Network Security from High-Security Units †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How to Do Network Security From High-Security Units? Answer: Introduction In todays time, the business relies on the secured ICT systems where one can focus on laying down the technology with Network Security Services. s per the number of studies approximately ninety-one percent all the organizations get easily attacked normally once in last two years which makes it a very serious issue. Security of network lays a basic foundation of many secured ICT systems (Lu et al., 2013). Concept of network security According to the article selected on T systems, GmbH, 2017, the criminal gang are using the sophisticated malware to mainly target the organizations inorder to steal all the valuable data. To be able to save the system from the attacks, the team in company looks for options on internet. The companies have to hire a team that can look for number of options to evaluate different kind of sources all the time. According to Kaspersky Global IT Security Risk Survey of 2013, there are 91% of the companies which have been attacked atleast once along with laying out the foundation of ICT (Lu et al, 2013). The administrators are facing the challenges for the adaptation of network security systems where Deutsche Telekoms honeypots are able to record approximately 800,000 attacks every day. A well-managed system does much more than just saving the corporate based network from many diverse attacks. There are specific complementary services as well like location-based networking through VPN, DNS b ased services, and Radius that are a huge help as well. Such services are also managed with the help of T systems security based specialists who are consistently up for many options like finding through various studies. Customers can determine to put the complete managed system and also select between a hosted based solutions. The concept of the firewall is managed sometime by various experts in either case (Zhu et al., 2011). Network security from high-security units The necessary infrastructure is primarily hosted by many network security services which are places in high security and are certified with various data units. In every case, the level of security and presence given by different services is very high than technology functioned by the organizations and every kind of cost are normally lower, all thanks to professional as well as scalable infrastructure (Panteli Kirschen, 2011). Moral theories Social contract The concept of morality basis can be defined as rules that are for rational people that will have an agreement to obey for more advantages together and provide other people and also obey them at the same time (Singer, 2011). In specific situations, there is no place for any industry since the outcome is not certain and at the same time cyber attack in social contract based on network security can breach the trust, and the companies become vulnerable (GmbH, 2017). Utilitarianism It is important for every human being to function as per whatever is produced with an immense balance of happiness over complete unhappiness for every human being who will get affected by different actions (Noddings, 2013). It is important to select the overall action that will manufacture the best results for all people that impacted by different actions. The cyber attacks are impacting the company's stature in the market and bringing balance; it is crucial to deal with the problem with utmost care (GmbH, 2017). Deontology The basic approach to moral theory is known as deontology concept which is because of Immanuel Kant. The theory says that act that is as per the maxim by which people at some time will be able to become a universal kind of law. Therefore, it becomes necessary to treat the whole humanity well whether it is related to one's person or in other cases as an end and not as means (Nussbaum, 2013). Cyber attack and network security are becoming a universal problem since it is impacting people at large (GmbH, 2017). Virtue based ethics Many people can easily trace the origin of many ethics which come under virtue and the writings in Nicomachean Ethics (Singer, 2011). Virtue based ethics are more or less related to detailed account of all every possible virtue and the overall qualities of the character where people require to do well in life. The principle also maintains the overall development of many human-based virtues as the most based concern for ethics. Cybersecurity and attacks question the morality of the issues and companies are in a very vulnerable situation to lose everything in a blink (GmbH, 2017). Conclusion The concern of secretly has been a major concern and threat for the organization as well as government (Susanto12 et al., 2011). There are so many intrusions that are detected in the past for some reasons. It is very important to assume that the data can be of no or little value and many adversaries are not looking at many kinds of classified data. There are many kinds of activities as well which are observed and also has an economic based aim. Following are so of the recommendations: - White-listing: when this process executed in the proper manner, it become very hard for any adversary to be able to impact the ICT system of a company. The application can be called as a technical kind of measure that only permits particularly many authorized works to operate on the system (Susanto12 et al., 2011). A software based patch is some pieces of technology specifically designed to solve issues or also update a computer program. The patching in organization system also encompasses the second as well as third mitigation based strategies. It is also very important to make a patch in the operating system as well as an application within a time frame for many serious issues (Susanto12 et al., 2011). Very often, there are opinions that by this system without any testing, something might break on the whole system. In the main cases, patching will impact the function of the organization's ICT system. It is crucial to perfectly balance the risk that exists between taking many weeks to evaluate the patches and also saving serious issues within some period timeframe (Susanto12 et al., 2011). Reference GmbH, T. (2017).Network security the foundation for secure ICT systems. [online] T-systems.com. Available at: https://www.t-systems.com/de/en/solutions/security/security-topics/networks/network-security-75814. Lu, T., Guo, X., Xu, B., Zhao, L., Peng, Y., Yang, H. (2013, September). Next big thing in big data: The security of the ICT supply chain. InSocial Computing (SocialCom), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 1066-1073). IEEE. Noddings, N. (2013).Caring: A relational approach to ethics and moral education. Univ of California Press. Nussbaum, M. C. (2013).The therapy of desire: Theory and practice in Hellenistic ethics. Princeton University Press. Panteli, M., Kirschen, D. S. (2011, March). Assessing the effect of failures in the information and communication infrastructure on power system reliability. InPower Systems Conference and Exposition (PSCE), 2011 IEEE/PES(pp. 1-7). IEEE. Singer, P. (2011).The expanding circle: Ethics, evolution, and moral progress. Princeton University Press. Susanto12, H., Almunawar, M. N., Tuan, Y. C. (2011). Information security management system standards: A comparative study of the big five.International Journal of Electrical Computer Sciences IJECSIJENS,11(5), 23-29. Zhu, K., Chenine, M., Nordstrom, L. (2011). ICT architecture impact on wide area monitoring and control systems' reliability.IEEE transactions on power delivery,26(4), 2801-2808.

Psychology Research Oral Presentation Essays - Neuroscience

Psychology Research Oral Presentation Hypothesis: Can sleep deprivation cause an increase in anxiety within medical students? Purpose of the study is to find a correlation between sleep deprivation and anxiety within Medical students Prediction: Sleep deprivation will cause a significant increase in anxiety of medical students Sleep disorders are particularly increasing in students as they face multiple stressors such as academic overload, constant pressure to succeed, and concerns about the future that alter the quality of their sleep Design: Using an Observational cross-sectional study: (definition data are collected during a single brief time period) during an academic year. To use questionnaires to find results.4 questionnaires would be faced to faced administered to students after obtaining written consent The 4 questionnaires were to measure their sleep quality and assessing Anxiety levels. Found to be the most common and effective questionnaires used in studies of sleep and anxiety The insomnia Severity index (ISI) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) Methodology: Questionnaire Survey Personal data about age, gender and faculty were collected. The ISI Is a 7-item self-report questionnaire. Assessing the nature, severity, and impact of insomnia. The evaluated domains are: Severity of sleep onset Sleep maintenance Early morning awakening problems Sleep dissatisfaction Interference of sleep difficulties with daytime functioning Perception of sleep difficulties by others Distress caused by the sleep difficulties. A 5-point Likert scale was used to rate each item (0 to 4 where 0 indicates no problem and 4 corresponds to a very severe problem), yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 28. The total score was interpreted as follows: absence of insomnia (0-7); sub-clinical (mild) insomnia (8-14); moderate insomnia (15-21); and severe insomnia (22-28). The PSQI Is a 19-items questionnaire evaluating sleep quality and disturbances The first four items are open questions, whereas items 5 to 19 are rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Individual items scores yield seven components: Sleep disturbance Overall sleep quality Sleep latency Duration of sleep Daytime dysfunction due to sleepiness Sleep efficiency Need for medicines to sleep A total score, ranging from 0 to 21, was obtained by adding the seven component scores. Some studies stated that a score 5 suggests a good sleep quality. The ESS Is a self-administered questionnaire with eight questions Each participant rated on a 4-point scale (0-3) his general level of daytime sleepiness, or the average sleep propensity in daily life. The total ESS score was the sum of eight item-scores and ranged between 0 and 24. The higher the score, the higher is the person's level of daytime sleepiness, with significant sleepiness when the score was 10 [24, 25]. GAD-7 Is a 7-item instrument that assesses generalized anxiety severity. Each item was scored 0 to 3, providing a 0 to 21 severity score (0-4: normal; 5-9: mild anxiety; 10-14: moderate anxiety and 15-21: severe anxiety Assessment of anxiety: Studying anxiety levels after periods of sleep deprivation In the case of total sleep deprivation only anxiety assessments acquired after 24h of lack of sleep were extracted. In the case of repeated measures, the first and the last available measures were always extracted; but intermediate assessments were only extracted if multiples of 12 (e.g., 36h, 48h). Operational Definitions: Sleep deprivation: sleeping less than the required amount of 8 hours before said time to wake up or class start A lack of sleep, which included total sleep deprivation (complete absence of sleep) Partial sleep deprivation (deprivation of one specific sleep stage, such asREM sleep) Sleep restriction (reduction in total time of sleep) Sleep fragmentation (intermittent awakenings through the sleep period). Taking account for the loss of sleep we also define insomnia Insomnia: the inability to sleep Anxiety: an overwhelming feeling of stress during upcoming tests or assignments as well as amount of course load Subjects: Randomly picking students under 3 faculties Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry Criteria: Inclusion: 18yrs and above and willingness to participate Exclusion: under 18yrs and presence of a chronic disease and history of Students were randomly selected For each of the studying the practice randomly selecting 1 male and female Studying the entirety of one semester Breaking it down from the beginning of the term to the midterm approaching and to final examinations Ethical Considerations: Informed consent

Effects of Teenage Pregnancy essays

Effects of Teenage Pregnancy essays The high level of teenage births continues to create numerous problems for social services, parents and the public at large. At the beginning of a new century, reducing teenage childbearing remains a challenge to social scientists, service providers and public officials. An organization named, The National Campaign to Prevent Teenage Pregnancy, have provided statistics listed on the internet. The research is broken down by individual states as well. The overall findings inidicate that birth rates have dcreased in the United States as a whole , for six consecutive years, (1992-1997). In 1997, the teenage birth rate was 52.9% births per 1000 females ages 15-19. The year 1997, is the most recent year for which data is available. This rate represents a siginificant 15% decrease since 1991. Althugh, the 1997 teenage birth rate is still higher than the 1986 rate of 50.2%, the lowest in more than half a century. In an effort to aim for a lower percentage in teenage pregnancy, the research from the following psycholgists and authors providing valuable information; can give a clear understanding of what remains to be done in the cultural, political and programs arena. In a survey completed in the Illinois High Schools, Grades 9-12, 1995) students were asked the following questions regarding sexual activity and contaceptive use. 1st Question Have you ever had sexual intercourse? The survey showed 46% females and 51% males said yes. A liitle over 50% of those students did not use any form of contraceptive. (TNCTPTP) Every 31 seconds, an adolescent becomes pregnant and every 2 minutes one gives birth in the United States The United States adolsecent birth rates is the highest among western Countries and approximately one million teens under 18 years of age became pregnant. (Hardy and Zabin , 1991) Those statitics are frightening, but the more imporant statistic is just under 50% ...

Spanish Road Signs †Spanish for Drivers

Spanish Road Signs - Spanish for Drivers Try driving in a Spanish-speaking country, and you probably wont have too much difficulty with the signs - many of the essential signs use pictures or symbols that are recognized internationally, speed limits are expressed in numbers that you already know, and destination signs probably dont need translation. Even so, and especially once youre off the major highways, you may come across signs where the following list can help. The following list indicates some of the words commonly used on signs. Keep in mind that in some regions you may see different words used than those listed here. bus stop - paradacrossing - crucecurve - curvadanger - peligrodead end - sin salidadetour - desvà ­o, desviacià ³ndowntown, city center - centroexit - salidalane - carrilno entry - entrada prohibidano passing - adelantamiento prohibidoone-way - de sentido à ºnico, sentido obligatorioparking - estacionamiento, aparcamiento (Verb forms are estacionar, aparcar and paquear, depending on the region. Parking is sometimes symbolized by a capital E or capital P, depending on the region.)pedestrians - peatonespolice - policà ­aprohibited - prohibido, prohibidaroad closed - camino cerradoslow - despaciospeed bump - topestop - alto, pare or stop, depending on the regionspeed limit - velocidad mxima (typically indicated in kilometers per hour, often abbreviated km/h)toll - peaje, cobroviewpoint - vista de interà ©syield - ceda, ceda el paso

Employee relations are one of IHRM. Critically analyses how cultural Essay

Employee relations are one of IHRM. Critically analyses how cultural differences might affect it. Illustrate your answer with examples - Essay Example This is to ensure justice prevails, and suitable measures are taken. This calls for the supervisors to consider progressive discipline and regulatory measures in effecting disciplinary actions. These measures are also required to resolve grievances and appeals from the employees. There are employee relations policies that outline steps that supervisors are supposed to take to address work performance and behaviour. Steps in these policies are not rigid procedural requirements that should be used in every situation. The measures are helpful in establishing guidelines to help supervisors monitor and ensure workers meet the expectations. Communication is a crucial tool in employee relations (Stewart, 2010). Employees require proper communication so that they can feel as part of an organization. Thus, it is necessary for supervisors to provide information to employees to promote good understanding of the goals and policies of the organization. This information is also important to employees as it helps in correcting poor performance, personal issues and other duty misconducts. Suitable advice is given to employees on legislation, applicable regulations and other bargaining agreements. It is through these advices that all indifferences are taken into account ranging from economic, social and cultural factors. In this process, employees are advised on the way to present their grievances in an organization (Chew & Chan, 2008). In this process, there is a proper understanding of organizational measures in labour provision. Employer’s main objective is work quality. It is obvious that happy employees create customers who are happy thus suitable business results are achieved. It is the need of every employee to get a respectful, fair, and a healthy workplace. Work motivators determine the work quality and the ability for workers to deliver at their level best. They include job security, workplace

Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benchmarking - Essay Example Performance benchmarking provides a way in which organizations compare its performances with set performance metrics. Performance benchmarking takes the form of reviewing the company’s income statements and balance sheet to ensure they are made in accordance with the required standards. The performance gaps identified can be prioritized, corrected and follow-up can be made to ensure improvement in performance. Strategic benchmarking ideally is the comparison of companies to the long-term goals and objectives. It additionally involves identifying the winning strategies employed by top organizations and adopting them to the organizational strategies. Strategic benchmarking is majorly utilized by the top level management. Importance of benchmarking There are several key advantages of benchmarking. One major advantage is that it leads to cost-cutting for the businesses. Benchmarking lower the labor costs as a company can identify that a top company is used technology instead of la bor. Based on this review the company can adopt the technology has aided in cost-cutting. Benchmarking boosts a company’s product quality. A company can decide to purchase a rival company’s products for review. The information that will be acquired may utilize in developing a product whose quality is similar or even better compared to that of the competitors. Benchmarking can aid in increasing a company’s sales and profits. A company that is involved in benchmarking tends to improve its products, services, and even processes.

12 Angry Men sociological analysis Essay Example for Free

12 Angry Men sociological analysis Essay 12 Angry Men focuses on a Jurys deliberations in a capital murder case. A 12- man Jury is sent to begin deliberations in the first-degree murder trial of an 18-year- old Latino accused in the stabbing death of his father, where a guilty verdict means automatic death sentence. The case appears to be open-and-shut: The defendant has a weak alibi; a knife he claimed to have lost is found at the murder scene; and several witnesses either heard screaming, saw the killing or the boy fleeing the scene. Eleven of the Jurors immediately vote guilty; only Juror No. Mr. Davis) casts a not guilty vote. At first Mr. Davis bases his vote more so for the sake of discussion after all, the Jurors must believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty. As the deliberations unfold, the story quickly becomes a study of the Jurors complex personalities (ranging from wise, bright and empathetic to arrogant, prejudiced and merciless), preconceptions, backgrounds and interactions. That provides the backdrop to Mr. Davis attempts in convincing the other Jurors that a not guilty verdict might be appropriate. A huge feel of the film is gotten through the time period it took place in. Peoples views on race were made very publicly within the Jury. Many of them seemed to have personal vendettas against different races. They deemed the boys Hispanic race to be slum and nothing more than that. A universal problem that is shown in several ways throughout the film is personal prejudice getting in the way of Judgment. Juror number tens reason for saying the accused boy was guilty was because he felt people from slums should not be trusted and that they kill one and another for fun. His prejudice lead him to discriminate against the boy initially by voting guilty earlier in the film, before being convinced in voting not guilty. This was during the civil rights era and all of that. We all know blacks werent treated equally and this makes it apparent that it wasnt easy for any minority within the US. Theyd rather lock them up and throw away the key than give them a fair trial. Tensions run high the second the Jury went into the private room to deliberate. It was a very hot day outside and the fan wasnt working nor would the windows open. No man wanted to spend more time than what they thought would be efficient to determine the verdict. Some even spoke about their plans for right after, thinking it would be a sure bet theyd be out of there soon with the whole night ahead of them. They were wrong. From then on the film turned into an example straight out of a sociology textbook. Everyone didnt deviate from the norm of the group All except one, Juror #8. The rest of the Jury was outraged and deemed him a radical. They could not believe two things. One, that he voted not guilty, and second, hat he went against the group norm. He tried not one bit to conform. Rather, he stood up in grand fashion and presented his doubts to his fellow Jurors. Slowly but surely his grand scheme was working. He did not know for sure whether he was guilty or not guilty, but he had a reasonable doubt and thats all about what the justice system stands tor. Its so interesting when you bring a group o t 12 random people into a setting like a Jury and see what you come up with. All of these men, from different walks of life , they all brought something special to the table that was ital to their key decision. The sociological theory that tone of this film could easily fall under is the conflict perspective. At the very beginning, viewers can clearly see the tension is between the Jurors whom most have a personal prejudice against the boy for certain reason. Some Jurors simply expected that a boy from the slums would commit an act like that they were stereotyping that all people who come from slums are criminals. Even if a person is not personally prejudiced against and individual or group, stereotypes can have them make discriminatory actions such as vote guilty. The reason most of the Jurors stereotyped the actions of the accused boys is because of socialization. The way of transmission was most likely through media; crimes shown by television new or new papers are frequently from neighborhood of low economics standing. Deviance a topic I touched on earlier, is another sociological aspect that can be examined in this film. Deviance is a very relative term where depending on the group and situation, it varies. Juror 8 was the only that felt from the beginning the boy was not guilty. When the first vote most of the other Jurors by he fact he could think the boy was innocent and even were upset at him for thinking that. As the film progressed the Jurors began changing their votes, eventually the roles were reversed; Juror number 3 appear to be the one committing the deviant act since it is revealed his own reason for voting guilty is because of issues with his own son. One of the most important things I learned in observing the sociological aspects of this film is how easy norms can change. The norms of eleven out of the twelve men voted guilty, changed entirely to guilty as the film came to a chose.

The Downside of Student Employment Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive E

The Downside of Student Employment      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the last thirty years there has been a significant change in the adolescent experience in the United States. The teenagers of today have jobs. While the teenagers of yesteryear had occasional jobs like baby-sitting and yard work or summer jobs at the pool or on the farm, today’s teenagers have employment during the school year that requires a substantial investment of time. In the past, teenagers were either workers or students; working students usually dropped out of school. Part-time work for students was scarce. Now part-time work is common, and certain segments of the economy rely on the ready availability of low-paid teen-age labor.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In many ways, the high school experience, with its social life, clubs,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   sports, and volunteer service opportunities, may appear much the same as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   in the past. But the time and commitment required by employment have   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   brought about significant changes in student attitudes and experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effects of student employment are consequential and pervasive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Two major studies examining high school students and their world of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   school, work, family, and peers, have considered the issue of student   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   employment. In Beyond the Classroom, Laurence Steinberg and his associates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   report on their comprehensive survey of 20,000 students over ten years,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   focusing on student "engagement" with school. (Referred to in notes as   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinberg.) Another 6-year study of 7000 students looked at student   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ambitions and how well they align with reality. This study is reported in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Ambitious Generation: America's Teenage... ...sted in as a career. The education of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American students should not be at the mercy of mall stores and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McDonald's.      Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Works Cited      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Downside of Teen Employment," Secondary School Educators. July 15,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1999. http://7-12educators.miningco.com/Library/Weekly/aa0092697.htm.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schneider, Barbara and David Stevenson. The Ambitious Generation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   America's Teenagers, Motivated but Directionless. New Haven: Yale   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, 1999.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinberg, Laurence. Beyond the Classroom. New York: Simon & Schuster,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1996.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Steinberg, Laurence and Elizabeth Cauffman. "The Impact of Employment on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adolescent Development" in Annals of Child Development, v. 11. London:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1995: 131-166.   

The United States: An Empire in Denial

With the arrival and eventual establishment of a permanent settlement on American soil in the early seventeenth century, the English settlers came upon an expansive territory of land teeming with resources and endless possibilities. Soon, these settlers longed for liberty and thus desired to break free from the imperial clutches of British rule. Standing resolutely against a great and powerful empire, liberty was won in America by the blood of its founding fathers, indelibly written in the Declaration of Independence.Perhaps in these humble beginnings are the reasons why America today could never officially admit on how she has evolved into the empire she had once detested and fought. The facts, however, speak for themselves. America today is a colossal empire and as such, she has in her power the capacity to shape the future by creating a world environment conducive to profitable economic relations (especially to third-world countries) and international peace, both of which are in s hort supply, these days.What the world needs, according to Niall Ferguson in page 301 of his book ‘Colossus’, is an effective liberal empire and the United States is the best candidate for the job. What restrains America from accepting and performing its role as an imperial power? This paper delves on this question and discusses the following relevant issues: (1) definition of an empire, (2) what America has become, (3) the American might: strongholds around the globe, (4) the American empire: adherence and denial, and (5) America as the engine of global growth.America is now the only superpower in the world and she is in a position to greatly influence the course of human history. Main Body Definition of an Empire Probing into the topic at hand, it is necessary to elucidate on the true meaning of ‘empire’ as rationalized by Mr. Ferguson: An empire is ‘first and foremost, a very great power that has left its mark on the international relations of an e ra . . . a polity that rules over wide territories and many peoples, since the management of space and multi-ethnicity is one of the great perennial dilemmas of an empire .. . An empire is by definition . . . not a polity ruled with the explicit consent of its peoples, [But] by a process of assimilation of peoples of democratization of institutions empires can transform themselves into multinational federations or even nation states. (10) Thus defined, an empire does not require the general consensus of the people involved. However, an empire can adapt to whatever is the prevalent social, economic or political environment at hand. What America Has BecomeIn the course of human history for the past four centuries since the arrival of the English settlers in America, has the United States revealed itself, in whatever degree, as a nation with imperial intents? As Ferguson states: This book argues not merely that the United States is an empire but that it has always been an empire. Unlik e most of the previous authors who have remarked on this, I have no objection in principle to an American empire. Indeed, a part of my argument is that many parts of the world would benefit from a period of American rule (Ferguson 2).The United States is perceived to be the greatest empire to have ever existed in the history the mankind, propelling itself to the top, not only with its involvement and successes at previous wars, but most especially, with its exploitation of constant advances in science and technology for its defensive posture. In this field, America has no equal. As we have seen, by most conventional measures of power–economic, military and cultural–there has never been an empire mightier than the United States today (Ferguson289). The American Might: Strongholds around the GlobeFrom a military standpoint, America has the greatest influence over many other nations today. Controlling offensive and defensive strategic sites around the globe, its military arm is well-emplaced and is in the best position to act or react should the need arise. . . . the U. S. military has around 752 military installations in more than 130 countries . . . In the first year of President Bush’s presidency, around 70,000 U. S. troops were stationed in Germany, and 40,000 in Japan . . . Almost as many (36,500) were in South Korea . . .Moreover, new wars have meant new bases, like Camp Bondsteel in Kosovo, acquired during the 1999 war against Yugoslavia, or the Bishkek air base in Kyrgyzstan . . . At the time of writing, about 10,000 American troops are still based in Afghanistan, and it seems certain that a substantial force of 100,000 will have to remain in Iraq for at least the next few years. (Ferguson 16) What other nation in the face of the earth – be it in the past or in the present – could ever boast of such a claim? What other nation is more prepared to control vast areas of land, air and water with its military dominance?On lan d the United States has 9,000 M1 Abrams tanks. The rest of the world has nothing that can compete. At sea the United States possesses nine ‘supercarrier’ battle groups. The rest of the world has none. And in the air the United States has three different kinds of undetectable stealth aircraft. The rest of the world has none. The United States is also far ahead in the production of ‘smart’ missiles and pilotless high-altitude ‘drones’ (Ferguson 16). The American Empire: Adherence and Denial The United States today is an empire – but a peculiar kind of empire.It is vastly wealthy. It is militarily peerless. It has astonishing cultural reach. Yet by comparison with other empires it often struggles to impose its will beyond its shores . . . Only when the United States could cast itself in an anti-imperialist role . . . were the Americans able to perform their own cryptoimperial role with self-confidence (Ferguson 287). This is where the Ameri can nation faces its greatest hurdle in reaching its full potential and becoming a great empire for the greater benefit of the world, for it could not bear the concept of an Imperial America.It took a succession of humanitarian disasters abroad in the 1990s and terrorist attacks at home in 2001 to rekindle public enthusiasm for a more assertive American foreign policy, though even this had to be cloaked in euphemism, its imperial character repeatedly denied (Ferguson 287). But this denial is not a sentiment shared by all Americans. As events unfold and the need for change arises, more and more adherents to an imperial America surface, publicly giving voice to an advocacy silently embraced by a few.Richard Haas, who went on to serve in the Bush administration as director of policy planning in the State Department, argued that Americans needed to ‘re-conceive their global role from one of traditional nation-state to an imperial power’, calling openly for an ‘informa l’ American empire . . . As Thomas Donnelly, deputy executive director of the Project for the New American Century, told the Washington Post in August 2001, â€Å"There’s not all that many people who will talk about it [empire] openly. It’s discomforting to a lot of Americans.So they use code phrases like ‘America is the sole superpower’ â€Å"(Ferguson 4). There is little doubt that the declaration of an imperial America would profoundly provoke global agitation. However, one must bear in mind that this is not a new concept and that for decades, this abstraction has always been in the backdrop, even more so in every anti-American cause one would care to listen to. Few people outside the United States today doubt the existence of an American empire; that America is imperialistic is a truism in the eyes of most educated Europeans.But the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr noted as long ago as 1960, Americans persist in ‘frantically avoiding recognit ion of the imperialism [they] in fact exercise (Ferguson 294). All evidence suggests that America is an empire. The denial of the American populace and most especially that of the United States government to this fact is not an altogether innocuous act or claim, as in the present case of Iraq and Afghanistan. Does imperial denial matter? The answer is that it does . . .The trouble with an empire in denial is that it tends to make two mistakes when it chooses to intervene in the affairs of lesser states. The first may be to allocate insufficient resources to the nonmilitary aspects of the project. The second, and the more serious, is to attempt economic and political transformation in an unrealistically short time frame. (Ferguson 294) America as the Engine of Global Growth To this day, America remains to be the behemoth that it is with the American dollar taking its rightful place as the international currency in the global market.Twentieth-century history handed the United States a privileged position in the world economy; its currency became and has remained the world’s favorite. Since 1945 it has been used more than any other for denominating international transactions, and that has made it the preferred currency for central bank reserves (Ferguson 283). America, it appears, has everything that is needed to perform its imperial role. It is even likely that, in these times of widespread poverty, many countries would rally behind this cause for simple economic motives.The reason that so much overseas capital flows into the United States, so it is said, is that the American economy is the engine of global growth and foreign investors simply want a ‘piece of the action’ (Ferguson 281). At the end of the day, the alleviation of poverty through the creation of a dynamic and vigorous economy is the backbone of a peaceful nation. Here is where one sees the role that America should play. The Role that America Should Play What the world needs toda y is not just any kind of empire.What is required is a liberal empire- that is to say, one that not only underwrites the free international exchange of commodities, labor and capital but also creates and upholds the conditions without which markets cannot function- peace and order, the rule of law, non-corrupt administration, stable fiscal and monetary policies- as well as provide public goods, such as transport infrastructure, hospitals and schools, which would not otherwise exist. (Ferguson 2) The question that must now be answered is: ‘Can the United States achieve the role of being an effective liberal empire?’ There is no doubt that the America of today has a foothold on almost all of the essential attributes required to perform this role. Although the United States seems in many ways ideally endowed –economically, militarily and politically – to run such an ‘empire of liberty’ (in Thomas Jefferson’s phrase), in practice it has bee n a surprisingly inept empire builder (Ferguson 2). Because of the democracy with which America was founded upon, we have seen time and again how the American populace, in general, refuses to accept the concept of an empire.As such, it could not move on to greater heights of historical attainment. Others would claim that many millions of people around the world have benefited in some way or another from the existence of America’s empire – not least the West Europeans, Japanese, and South Koreans who were able to prosper during the cold war under the protection of the American nuclear ‘umbrella’ – and that the economic losers of the post-cold war era, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are victims not of American power but of its absence (Ferguson 13).In the words of retired General Anthony Zinni: ‘What is our obligation to the world? ’ We preach about values, democracy, human rights, but we haven’t convinced the American people to pony up . . . There’s no leadership that steps up and says, ‘This is the right thing to do’ . . . That’s the basic problem . . . There has to be the political will and support for these things. We should believe that a stable world is a better place for us . . . the U. S.would make a much greater difference to the world. (Ferguson 293) Conclusion Through the acceptance and support for an American empire by the American people themselves – which in itself is a huge undertaking – the United States could significantly alter the course of human history for the better. This conclusion could better be proven by questioning any of the multitudinous impoverished citizens from a third-world country if such a nation would be better off under the auspices of the American dollar.The United States has always been an empire in denial. A truly unfortunate fact for humankind would have a much better place to live in if only the world, most especially the American populace, would accept, recognize and support this undeniable reality of an imperial America. Works Cited Fletcher, Richard. Colossus. U. K. : Penguin, 2004.

Drug Addiction and Time Essay

I believe that I am an addict, I made a lot of bad decisions in my life. But the worst was my decision to start using drugs. From the day that I started using to now I have loved it. And at times I would do just about anything to get it, I have done just about everything except sell my body. I stole from the people I love to get what I needed. Using drugs went from only on the weekends, to a couple times a week, to everyday. The worst part is, is I didn’t see that it was consuming so much of my life. There came a point where just smoking weed wasn’t enough anymore, and that’s when i should have walked away. I was 16 when I did heroin the first time. But it wasn’t until a year later when I started shooting up. My best friend and I did everything together and this was no different. We were hooked, she more than I, our lives revolved around getting high. I remember the days we couldn’t get it, she would shake and cry because her body ached for it so bad. I hated seeing her sick, all I could do nothing to help her. It was the worst thing that I have ever seen. When I could I would get her what she needed. We spent our summer days inside. Most of the time we were so high that we couldn’t move, but to us that was the best part of the day. At that moment we could finally just close our eyes and breathe. Looking back now the worst part for me is that I helped my best friend kill herself. I provided her with the drug that was sucking her dry. At that point in time I thought I was helping her. We have always depended on each other but this time we depended on something else. We both are not using heroin anymore, and have come out on the other side of that addiction. We both know that if it were placed in front of us we could not say no. Addiction has taken a lot from me. I have lost the trust of my Parents and my freedom I ounce had. My best friend and I can not hangout outside of school, were just not good for each other to be around. But most of all I lost respect for myself.

Socialism and capitalism essays

Socialism and capitalism essays While capitalism and socialism have their own strengths and weaknesses in terms of providing various opportunities for the country, socialism provides more for its people. In a socialist government the people are what make the country go round. First off, the large companies are taken over by the government in order to provide general services for the population, housing is provided, along with all other basic needs to survive. Industry is the only area that government has any real control over, they set regulations concerning profit and competition and leave the rest to the people. Small businesses are allowed along with private property, and the opportunity to advance socially. While in the ideal socialist governmentequality would be developed between the social classes, however this is not enforced in most countries that claim to be socialist. There are the rich, middle and lower classes, yet unlike in capitalism there is no class that does not have its basic needs met. In this ty pe of government the rich, middle and lower classes are taxed depending on their salary, the more money made the more the tax. Taxes benefit the people and are used to support programs such as health care. Capitalism has similar traits yet is the opposite of socialism; the government stays out of industry almost completely, except to prevent monopolies from forming in order to ensure fair competition. It also does not provide basic needs and runs off a system in which it is everyone for him or herself. If an individual wants to get ahead and achieve a higher lifestyle or class it is up to them to do it. This is one of the definite weaknesses in this type of government; it provides almost no support for its poverty stricken. Taxes are used to implement economic policies designed by the federal government, and are also used to subsidize various groups of interest such as private banks. Along those lines some taxes are used to supp...

The Truth Behind Pirate Legends and Myths

The Truth Behind Pirate Legends and Myths With new books and movies coming out all the time, pirates have never been more popular than now. But is the iconic image of a peg-legged pirate with a treasure map and a parrot on his shoulder historically accurate? Lets sort the facts from the myths about pirates of the Golden Age of piracy, which lasted from 1700 to 1725. Pirates Buried Their Treasure Mostly myth. Some pirates did bury treasure - notably, Captain William Kidd - but it was not a common practice. Pirates wanted their share of the loot right away, and they tended to spend it quickly. Also, much of the loot collected by pirates was not in the form of silver or gold. Most of it was ordinary trade goods, such as food, lumber, cloth, animal hides, and so on. Burying these things would ruin them! They Made People Walk the Plank Myth. Why make them walk off a plank if its easier to throw them overboard? Pirates had many punishments at their disposal, including keel-hauling, marooning, dispensing lashes, and more. Some later pirates allegedly made their victims walk off a plank, but it was hardly common practice. Many Pirates Had Eye Patches and Peg Legs True. Life at sea was harsh, especially if you were in the navy or on board a pirate vessel. The battles and fighting caused many injuries, as men fought with swords, firearms, and cannons. Often, the gunners - those men in charge of the cannons - had the worst of it. An improperly-secured cannon could fly around the deck, maiming everyone near it. Other problems, such as deafness, were occupational hazards. They Lived by a Pirate â€Å"Code† True. Almost every pirate ship had a set of articles that all new pirates had to agree to. It clearly set out how the loot would be divided, who had to do what and what was expected of everyone. Pirates were often punished for fighting on board, which was strictly forbidden. Instead, pirates who had a grudge could fight all they wanted on land. Some pirate articles have survived to this day, including the pirate code of George Lowther and his crew. Crews Were All Males Myth. There were female pirates who were just as lethal and vicious as their male counterparts. Anne Bonny and Mary Read served with the colorful Calico Jack Rackham and were famous for berating him when he surrendered. Its true that female pirates were rare, but not unheard of. Pirates Often Used Colorful Phrases Mostly myth. Pirates would have spoken like any other lower-class sailors from England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, or the American colonies. While their language and accent must certainly have been colorful, it bore little resemblance to what we associate with pirate language today. For that, we have to thank British actor Robert Newton, who played Long John Silver in movies and on TV in the 1950s. It was he who defined the pirate accent and popularized many of the sayings we associate with pirates today. Sources: Cordingly, David. Under the Black Flag: The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996, NY. Defoe, Daniel (Captain Charles Johnson). A General History of the Pyrates. Edited by Manuel Schonhorn, Dover Publications, 1972/1999, USA. Konstam, Angus. World Atlas of Pirates. Lyons Press, 2009. Konstam, Angus. The Pirate Ship 1660-1730. Osprey, 2003, NY.

Business Operations and Systems Literature review

Business Operations and Systems - Literature review Example It was one of the first chief oil firms to openly declare the necessity to protect the environment through minimization of greenhouse gases emission. BP has main listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a component of FTE 100 index. As of December 2011, the market capitalization stood at ? 87.1 billion making it rank fourth largest of any firm quoted on the London Stock Exchange (BP, 2012; p. 2). New York Stock Exchange has the secondary listings of the firm. The success of the firm is instrumentally motivated by the kind of operational strategies used by the management of BP. Power and capabilities have been effective in the firm in the development of world market for its products among other oil firms. As mentioned earlier, the firm operates in all the six continents globally within 100 States. The primary objective of the firm has been to drill and locate oil in various parts of the world. Other main functions have been to explore and produce crude oil and natural gas, refining of crude oil, market distribution and hauling and manufacture of petrochemicals. The firm has also considered producing solar power. Therefore, the tactical management of operations can be seen as instrumental in the success of the firm. As one of the greatest petrochemical and oil production company the firm has considered to specialize in exploration and production of gas, supply of the petroleum products and production and distribution of various chemicals. Currently, the firm has rapid modification of its outside market as the firm has highly regarded itself as contemporal learning organization, which is obliged to be reactive and adaptive to the high technology in the... The business can make use of this in their interior operations that can be applied to consignees, distributors and stakeholders. The process of payment or status of the cargo or consignment can be easily received thus providing an efficient channel for replenishment of stock at the right time. This technology can be used to assist the firm in minimizing the risks associated with the inventory management and maximization of sales through reduction of life cycles of the products. Furthermore, competitive advantage can easily be achieved considering the fact that there is an easy order-entry procedure and reduced paper work. Even though there are apparent benefits for companies and development of these operational management systems, there are still some observable challenges. Therefore, the firm’s management must be in a position to guarantee the obstacles can be handled with care to avoid loopholes in the system. What’s more, it is observable that the status of economy c an trigger British Petroleum to consider using all their arsenals in delivering products and services to various segments of the global market. The application of operational business management approach can help make more efficient the business assortment of the firm.

Managing projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing projects - Essay Example It mainly depends upon three factors namely project goal, project milestone and project order and timeline. Now the basic principles of project management are stated below: - Be Clear: - The most essential aspect of a project is the clarity. It is the duty of the project manager, to ensure clarity in the project. The two basic elements of clarity are direction and focus. Direction is about making everyone to work towards the same objective and Focus is about ensuring every team member gets a clear idea about the scope of the project. Maintain a Positive Attitude: - It is important to maintain a positive attitude at the work place. In addition, there are several benefits for maintaining a positive attitude. For example, it improves the relationship with the stakeholders and also helps to deal with the project challenges. Communication: - Superior communication is probably the most important criteria towards the success of a project. It enhances the coordination among team members and also helps to inform the stakeholders about the happenings (project-management-skills, n.d.). Success Failure Criteria According to Standish CHAOS Report of 2004, there are some factors which are commonly found in a successful project. The factors are mainly user involvement, proper planning, clear statement of requirements, clear objectives and vision, smaller project milestones, and realistic expectations among others. Similarly there are some factors which force projects to fail. For example, errors pertaining to estimation and planning, implementation factor, and also human factor may lead to project failure. Hence, to let the team members know about the reasons behind the success and failure of a project, it is important to define success and failure criteria. In addition, it also helps to monitor a project. Benefits of Managing Projects There are several techniques by which a project can be managed (Lasa Information Systems Team, 2003). The benefits of some of the systems are presented below: - Project Management Technique Benefits PERT 1. This method is useful in controlling the cost (Mittal, 2006). 2. It uses graphical displays, which allow the team members to understand the project better. CPM 1. This method highlights the critical path and also emphasizes on the slack time. 2. It is mathematically simple (University of Illinois Springfield, n.d.). PRINCE 2 1. Greater control over the resources. 2. It helps to manage the risks associated with a project more effectively (Maserang, 2002). SECTION II Project Initiation Document A project initiation document is considered as the top level project planning document. Through the project initiation document, a company can gather all the information needed for a project to begin (Mindtools, n.d.). In order to portray the importance of project initiation document, a draft will be presented. To illustrate it with an example a health care project is considered. Project Goals – To examine Hepatitis  œ B of the entire population in a village. Scope – The project has the scope to reduce the number of

Definition of Art by scholars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Definition of Art by scholars - Essay Example It can be deduced the amount of subjectivity involved as elements of beauty and experience both depends on the viewers’ perspectives. During the classical period, art’s meaning focused on the craft or skill, giving credence to its clear definition as: ""the product of a body of knowledge, most often using a set of skills" (Art Encyclopedia: Classical, par. 1). The famous artists of the time were Leonardo Da Vinci and Michaelangelo. Da Vinci’s â€Å"the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper occupy unique positions as the most famous, most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, their fame approached only by Michelangelos Creation of Adam† (Leonardo Da Vinci, par. 3). The post-Renaissance period highlighted the aesthetic value of art as contrasted to other art forms of various functions or uses. Accordingly, â€Å"by the end of the 19th century, art was separated into at least two broad categories: namely, fine art and the rest - a situation that reflected the cultural snobbery and moral standards of the European establishment† (Art: Post Renaissance, par. 3). One of the most prominent artists of the time was Peter Paul Rubins with his Fall of Phaeton, the Battle of Anghiari, and Elevation of the Cross, all manifesting the need to â€Å"add action, and emotion, scenes painted in the instant of a moment. Combining these things with a strong contrast of light and dark adding rich colors† (Art history: Baroque, par. 9). During the early 20th century, art’s definition was strategically broadened in styles and techniques. As emphasized, â€Å"artists suddenly found themselves with far greater freedom to create paintings and sculpture according to their own subjective values. In fact, one might say that from this point "art" started to become ‘indefinable’† (Art Encyclopedia: 20th century, par. 1). The famous artists of the period were â€Å"Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gogan, and Seu rat.

Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension

Physiology and Pharmacology of Hypertension Introduction High blood pressure, or most usually termed as hypertension is one of the most common diseases that  affects the human population and approximately 1 billion individuals are afflicted by it and around 7.1 million deaths per year can be affiliated with it. (Chobanian, et al., 2003). However all these deaths are caused mostly by cardiovascular disease and another disease, death does not occur b hypertension on its own but by many of the acute linked diseases like Myocardia Infraction, strokes and renal failures. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). As it is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, it possesses important health challenge as the cost associated with treating it and reducing other risk factors associated with it a lot of active research is being done to understand the causes and the pathophysiology. Classification Normal blood pressure is considered to be 115/75 mmHg, whereas the 115 is the systolic pressure (occurs during contraction of the ventricles) and 75 is the diastolic pressure (occurs during the relaxation of ventricles). (Oparil Weber, Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney, 2005). An individual is treated with hypertension when their blood pressure is consistently over 140/90 mmHg, however doctors these days are becoming more cautious and start treatment when the pressure touches 130/80 mmHg . It is known that cardiovascular risk increases for every 20/11 mmHg increment. (Chobanian, et al., 2003) Hypertension can be broadly classified into two groups; primary/essential and secondary hypertension. About 90 to 95% population diagnosed with hypertension has primary type, for which the cause is not full known and seems to be more prevalent as people age; it may increase up to 75% in people aged over 75. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009) (Carretero Opari, 2000). Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition which has altered the homeostatic pathway of regulating blood pressure. Secondary hypertension is more easily treatable as the underlying cause can be identified. Some commonly recognised diseases that may cause hypertension include Cushings disorder, kidney diseases and tumours. Another important cause is the genetic abnormality of the aorta. (Williams, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Moderate hypertension which starts from 140/90 is asymptomatic. Prolonged and sudden enhanced blood pressure is linked to headaches, sleepiness and visual disturbances; which in turn can cause nausea. (McPhee, Papadakis, Tierney, 2008)While it is known hypertension is more prevalent in elderly, children can be affected as well in the children the symptoms may be as more acute like epistaxis, and bell palsy. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). Children usually exhibit hypertension due to some other underlying cause, and thus most cases are of secondary nature. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009).The signs and symptoms of secondary hypertension are dependent upon the ailment that is causing it and thus the indicators for Cushings syndrome would be different from the genetic one or drug induced one. (Williams, 2010) Pathophysiology The exact cause of the primary hypertension is not known. There are many risk factors including age, genetics, metabolic, race and â€Å"sedentary lifestyle which can cause obesity† and it has been estimated that 85%of the cases of hypertension have a higher BMI than 25. (Haslam James, 2005) Figure 1: This figure shows the key elements of the pathophysiology of hypertension and all the risk factors which increase the likelihood of contracting the ailment. Abbreviations used here: AME- apparent mineralocorticoid excess; CNS central nervous system; GRA glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. (Oparil, Zaman, Calhoun, Pathogenesis of Hypertension, 2003) The pathophysiologic mechanism and the vascular irregularities are speculative and it is actively being researched upon. Blood pressure is the combined consequence of cardiac output and vascular resistance thus either one can independently or in combination cause hypertension. (Dreisbach Sharma, 2010). Different studies show that several factors may work independently or together to turn the neurohumoral systems on or off. In patients with a hyper-responsive system due to â€Å"changed vascular properties† an aggravated pressure flow is observed. (Randal, 1991). It has also been studied that there is a natural evolution of the disease thus man researchers suggest the one of the reason of the early elevations of the blood volume or the cardiac output may be the inadequate elimination of sodium by kidneys. Increased sodium levels can increase the osmotic pressure hence the blood volume. It chronic hypertension subjects the cardiac output and the blood volume is usually close to the normal. So it can be inferred that hypertension is maintained by the increase in vascular resistance by a decrease of elasticity of the walls as in aging or â€Å"by a reduction in lumen Diameter† (Khabunde, 2007) when the individual has been following a medically unhealthy lifestyle. These â€Å"changes in arterioles, which increase total peripheral resistance, result in an increase in diastolic and a secondary increase in systolic blood pressures† (Randal, 1991) Another factor that different studies have showed relate the decrease in sensitivity of receptors of the receptors in the vessels The decrease in receptors sensitivity modifies central nervous system (CNS) manipulation of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) distribution, resulting in two expressions. First, having an insensitive receptor requires a larger change in blood pressure to produce the same response as the receptor doesnt get activated. Secondly decreased receptors â€Å"sensitivity results in enhanced SNS activity for a given level of arterial blood pressure.† (Supiano, 2001) In hypertension there is has been shown evidence that changes in vascular endothelial function (VEF) can hamper normal vascular tone of hypertensive patients. Vascular tone can be changed by increase circulation of angiotensin II, or by the increased sympathetic activity (as discussed above). The altered sympathetic activity can lead to a decrease in production of nitric oxide which is a vasodilator or endothelin production could increase, which is a vasoconstrictor. (Khabunde, 2007). Type 2 diabetes can causes endothelial dysfunction â€Å"by enhanced oxygen free radical-mediated damage and decreased nitric oxide bioavailability.† (Khabunde, 2007). Other factors that maintain hypertension are caused by dysfunction in electrolyte homoeostasis especially deviations in sodium, calcium, and potassium concentrations. Sodium example has been already discussed above. In addition, calcium increases vascular contractility. It can also stimulate renin release; the same mechanism is thought to operate in obesity-mediated hypertension. Renin synthesis epinephrine, and activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which can be linked back to abnormalities seen in vascular tone. Potassium, however, helps decrease the blood pressure as it suppresses the release of renin. (Rodriguez-Cruz, 2009). This figure explains the different factors that directly affect the blood pressure, which is later affected by other different factors. In hypertension cardiac output is usually normal and therefore peripheral resistance sustains hypertension by the dysfunction in vascular function or decreases in lumen by a sedentary lifestyle. The figure is taken from Wikipedia. (Wikipedia, 2009) It can be seen the complexity of the system, as many mechanism works to sustain hypertension. In different individuals, it can be difficult to understand which systems are operational thus designing treatments can be difficult, and treatments are then usually more often designed to affect the regulatory factors rather than cause. (Randal, 1991) Treatment Treatment usually works to regulate the factors which maintain hypertension. Non-pharmacological treatments include lifestyle changes like decrease/halt in alcohol and cigarette consumption and if needed weight reduction with a more active lifestyle. Caffeine intake is also minimized as it increases the pulse rate. It is assessed that lifestyle interventions can reduce blood pressure by at least 10 mmHg in about 1 in 4 people with high blood pressure. (Association, 2009).Yet most of the times pharmacological interventions are used as they more affectively regulate blood pressure, there around 6 classes of pharmacological medications available which all perform at different levels to bring the blood pressure to normal. (Oparil Weber, Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney, 2005). ACE inhibitors: inhibits the assembly of angiotensin II, as a result, the vessels expand improving the blood flow. The tension in the circulation is regulated to normalcy by increase filtration by the kidneys. The decrease in levels of fluids also helps reduce blood pressure. This medication is used only when other medications are not working. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists: they work in an analogous manner to ACE inhibitors. However, instead of stopping the production of angiotensin II, they prevent its action on the receptors. Again vessels are able to expand, improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure. Beta-blockers block the effects of sympathetic nervous system and the hormone epinephrine. This decreases the cardiac output as it relaxes the heart so the pulse rate is slowed down, lowering the blood pressure. Alpha-blockers: triggers the vessels to ease and expand. Giving them in combination with beta-blockers has a greater effect. Calcium-channel blockers: expand the arteries to reduce the muscle tension and also decrease the cardiac output by relaxing the heart muscles so it pumps more slowly, reducing blood pressure. Diuretics: help clear the unnecessary sodium and water thru kidneys, which decrease the osmotic pressure. They also relax the blood vessels reducing the strain on them. (Uren Rutherford, 2004) Treatment for hypertension is throughout ones life as hypertension is not curable; however, all the drug classes above help maintain the blood pressure quite well within the normal range. Summary The complexity of pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to high blood pressure is such that selective antihypertensive treatment is rarely possible and a number of drugs and lifestyle changes are required to bring any change. Hypertension is widespread among middle-aged and elderly and controlling their blood pressure is a challenge we face as we still have not properly understood the underlying causes of primary/essential hypertension. (Oparil, Zaman, Calhoun, Pathogenesis of Hypertension, 2003). Bibliography Association, B. P. (2009, March 4). High Blood Pressure. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Patients UK: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/High-Blood-Pressure-(Hypertension).htm Carretero, O. A., Opari, l. S. (2000, Jan 25). Essential hypertension. Part I: definition and aetiology. Circulation, 3(101), 329-335. Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., et al. (2003, December 1). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension, 42, 1206-1252. Dreisbach, A. W., Sharma, S. (2010, Feb 19). Hypertension and Kidney. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Emedicine: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview Haslam, D., James, W. (2005). Obesity. The Lancet, 366, 1197-1209. Khabunde, R. E. (2007, January 04). Primary (essential) hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts: http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP024.htm McPhee, S. J., Papadakis, M. A., Tierney, L. M. (2008). Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2008. United States: McGraw-Hill. Oparil, S., Weber, M. A. (2005). Hypertension: A Companion to Brenner and Rectors The Kidney (2nd ed.). United States: Elsevier. Oparil, S., Zaman, M. A., Calhoun, a. D. (2003). Pathogenesis of Hypertension. PHYSIOLOGY IN MEDICINE: A SERIES OF ARTICLES LINKING MEDICINE WITH SCIENCE, 761-776. Randal, l. O. (1991). Physiology and pathophysiology of hypertension. Journal of the Association for Academic Minority Physicians, 151-155. Rodriguez-Cruz, E. (2009, Nov 16). Hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from eMedicine: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/889877-overview Supiano, M. A. (2001, Dec 2). Hypertension: Classification, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Armenian Health Network: http://www.health.am/hypertension/hypertension/#Pathophysiology Uren, N., Rutherford, D. (2004, Sept 24). High blood pressure (hypertension). Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Net Doctor: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/hypertension.htm Wikipedia. (2009, June 8). Arterial Pressure. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arterial_pressure_diagram.png Williams, B. (2010, Feb 10). Secondary Hypertension. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from Hypertension: Overview, Causes, Symptoms, Risk factors, Treatment: http://www.health.am/hypertension/secondary-hypertension/

A General History of the Caribbean :: Caribbean History Culture Cultural Essays

A General History of the Caribbean When one undertakes an historical study, any success in the undertaking is arguably predicated on an understanding of the subject to be studied. Knowing the culture of a given people or region, the geography and climate of its habitation, the attitudes of the people and their current political comportment – all of these breathe life into the subject. It is this deepening familiarization that gives life to the historical figures and events of that subject. Perhaps nowhere is this preliminary requirement more necessary than when undertaking an historical study of the Caribbean islands. This archipelago of fifty small to moderate sized inhabited units that span a coarse 2,500 mile arc above the north side of Central and South America represent a very similar and yet very diverse group of people and cultures. Sharing a common climate, they contain a variety of terrain. Subjected to European invasion and conquest, then populated involuntarily by black African slaves under an oppressively dominating plantation system, the dissimilar timing of these very common circumstances lead to a curious variety of cultures. Conversely, the many languages spoken and the several cultural manifestations that are apparent in this region do not obliterate an essentially consistent ambience, a common rhythm that is unmistakably Caribbean. It is this contradiction, this sameness and yet difference, that makes a vigorous introductory approach such a compelling and, in itself, such a diversified component of this historical study. Even more important than the natural lure of anthropological or sociological considerations in their own right is the insufficiency of chronological political events alone to frame a general history of the Caribbean. Unlike many regions that experience clear, defining events and forces in a more or less cohesive fashion, periodization is difficult to construct for Caribbean history. Some pivotal events were confined to the particular island on which they occurred, while others had a regional impact. Furthermore, these latter sometimes did so with the uneven yet certain rhythm of the waves that come across the sea to lap the shores of the receptive neighboring island. This tendency yields a certain proclivity towards eclectic explanatory approaches. Three different yet mutually supportive approaches illustrate the utility of this eclecticism. The Caribbeanist Sidney Mintz employs the analytical approach of a social scientist to identify conditions of common description in his article "the Caribbean as a Socio-Cultural Area". Antonio Benitez-Rojo injects a decidedly cultural emphasis to his historical narrative of the region in his chapter "From the plantation to the Plantation", taken from his book The Repeating Island.

Nutritive Value of Vegetables Essay

All vegetables are valuable sources of nutrients. Some Vitamin A sources of vegetables are leafy green and bright orange vegetables. Cabbage, Tomatoes and potatoes are a good source of vitamin B. Iron and Calcium are the most important minerals. Leafy green vegetables are a good mineral source. Some vegetables contain carbohydrates- sugar like peas, sweet potatoes, corn and beans. Nutritive Value of Fruit Fruit of all kinds is valuable for the nutrients supplied. Everybody needs Vitamin and Mineral content that fruit contributes to be healthy. Because vitamin C can’t be stored in the body, a daily source of vitamin C is needed. Eating oranges, grapefruit, or mandarins will supply enough vitamin C for the day. The bright yellow and orange colour of any fruit indicates a rich source of vitamin A. Iron is the most important mineral available from fruit. Some of the greatest minerals in fruits are right under the skin so the skin should be eaten if possible. Storing Fresh Vegetables -Tuber vegetables should be stored in a cool, dark, airy place. Most will keep for 4-9 months long is stored in cool areas. -Remove tops of root vegetables before storing in a cool, moist place they will keep for several weeks if stored properly. -Store bulb vegetables uncovered in a dry airy place lasting several weeks – Stalk vegetables should be put in a plastic bag and kept in a cool area and used within a week -Leaf vegetables should be stored in a plastic bag in cool area and must only stayed good a few days. -All seed vegetables should be stored in the fridge -Mushrooms should be put in a paper bag in fridge and not in a plastic bag because the paper absorbs any moisture given off by the mushrooms, should be used within a week.

Philosophical Analysis Essay

â€Å"In the case of an ordinary illusion of the senses we often say: This object seems thus or so; but in reality it is thus †¦ (but) the seeming is opposed to the reality only in so far as the chance experience of one point of view gets contrasted with what would be, or might be, experienced from some larger, more rationally permanent, or more exclusive and uniting point of view. † Truth is the embodiment of reality; reality is the embodiment of experience. Yet, truth and reality are problematic concepts. Reality, when expressed in categorical terms, is in itself manifest-creating concept; that is, there is no clearly defined boundary of finding the essence of entities. In short, an attempt to define reality will result to more questions. An attempt to examine the source or basis of reality will inevitably result to ambiguity. What is the implication of this fact to truth? Truth also becomes a manifest-creating concept. Its basis is, from a vantage point, a derivation of reality (Kant, 1786/1926). Here, there is a need to mention two bases of truth and reality. For some philosophers, reality and truth are generally derived from sense experience. Aristotle once argued that the fundamental basis of reality is actual reference to existing objects. Here, reality is objective; truth is absolute. For other philosophers, rationality rather than sense experience is the formal basis of reality. Descartes, for example, argued that sense experiences often result to disconcerting assumptions of what is real and ought to be real (Descartes, 1637/1999). An example may suffice this point. Suppose an individual sees an oar in the water. From sense experience, the individual will interpret the phenomenon as genuine phenomenon. However, the individual perception of what is real is compounded by illusory assumption of what ought to be real. Descartes argued that the oar in the water, when rationality is used as means to discern truth, is a reflection of an actual oar. 2) â€Å"The best definition of truth from a logical standpoint is that which is fated to be ultimately accepted by all investigators †¦ (and not something to be identified with) some purely personal end, some profit upon which a particular individual has set his heart. † For many centuries, philosophers pondered on the best definition of truth. Perhaps, the most influential philosopher who developed a systematic approach in analyzing the nature of truth is Immanuel Kant. According to Kant, truth in categorical definition is a derivation of collective facts (Kant, 1786/1926). Kant argued that when a set of facts are accepted to be truth by rational individuals, then it is by definition, part of truth. Subsequent philosophers such as Whitehead and Russell expounded on the concept of truth. According to these philosophers, there exists a set of truths which in character is both relative and self-sufficient. Truth is relative because the discretion of a group of rational individuals is also relative. It is self-sufficient because its consequence is self-compelling. When presented to different individuals, a truth compels the individual to believe and accept it as true. What is the general consequence of these assumptions of truth? In essence, such assumptions reject the notion of absolute truth. Absolute truth defines an epistemological basis of reality; that is, reality bounded not by the laws of nature, but by the law of necessity. One can refer to this reality as Being, Divine entity, or God. However, absolute truth is not necessarily a definitive clause of a Divine entity. Absolute truth is assumed by some philosophers to be manifested in quintessential entities; entities which are purported to exist in reality. It may be argued that this interpretation of reality may be a personalistic interpretation of ends. In any case, it is possible to prove this assumption. References Descartes, Rene. 1637/1999. Discourse on the Method. London: London Publishing House. Kant, Immanuel. 1786/1926. The Critique of Pure Reason. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.