The Health Industry Of Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay

The Health Industry Of Malaysia Health And Social Care Essay Obesity has emerged as a big issue in most countries. Countries such as Malaysia has identified this problem as one of the burden in health care system, which it has been linked to high mortality and morbidity related disease in many private and government hospital. Formally obesity is assume as a symbol of wealth, prosperity and health, but on this day it has been an enormous threat to the future generations where most of them died of complications due to overeating and not starve to death. The prevalence of obesity realted disease in this country has leading to a rapid increase of incident in chronic disease. According to Health Ministry statistics, heart disease is the third leading cause of deaths of patients in this country. If compared to the same statistics in countries that have developed as Western Europe, the United States and Japan, the leading cause of death in their country was cardiovascular disease. This clearly indicates that we were moving towards westernization in e xperiencing the same problem face by the developed countries. As we know obesity is a problem that will lower the quality of life and the leading causes of many chronic diseases in later life. Myres (2002) state that obesity is an excess of body fat that frequently results in a significant impairment of health. Unfortunately this problem should not be the cause of death if they have little knowledge about the disease and raising awareness about obesity. Thus it is not surprising the number of obesity has increase every year because of their ignorance and lack of public understanding about the cause of obesity. Working with an environment that tends to lead my patients become into obese has made me aware of my responsible to take part in battling this issue before it become into a heavy burden on my health care system. Over all my paper will not only focus on my patient, but also to the society as well on the consequences of obesity in term of health and economic cost that will indeed occur if there is no immediate action taken. Besides that, I will also explore in depth on how this issue can be a complication-related lifestyle and recommendations for re-appraise our own practices accordingly. Body Obesity is a condition where a person has excessive body weight due to accumulation of fat in the body. Obesity results when the size or number of fat cells in a persons body increases Myers (2004). Obesity is usually assessed by using Body Mass Index (BMI) and the level of obesity is a global standard of classification of respondents either underweight, ideal weight, overweight and obese. BMI is calculated by dividing a persons weight in kilograms by height (in M  ²). A BMI of 18.5 to 22.9 consider as normal, 23 to 27.4 as pre-obese and above 27.5 is to overweight (obese). According to BMI standards, individuals are said to be overweight when BMI is between 25.0->40kg / m ² (Ismail I S elt. 2004). Generally, from the observations that has been made on my patients founds that not all of them eat more than the amount consumed by their body weight was obese, but what is for sure those who are obese eating more than what is needed by their body and most of them who are obese are mor e significant to get the disease-related obesity than those with normal body weight. Listen Read phonetically World Health Organization estimates that by 2015, roughly 2.3 billion people in the world will have more weight and 700 million people worldwide will suffer obesity (National consumer Campaign 2010). More worsen, this phenomenon will continue growing into an epidemic and spread to most developing countries. Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country which has the second highest obesity in population. According to National Health Morbidity Survey (2006) found that 29% of Malaysian adults were overweight and 14% are obese, which mean 43% of Malaysian adults (or 2 in 5) are overweight. Compared with the 10 years back the survey reported that 17% (or 1 in 5) of Malaysian adults were overweight and another 4% were obese. Through the differences over the 10-year period, the increasing of overweight among Malaysians had clearly had jumped into 70% and more surprising obesity has risen to 250%. Thats why it has become a serious concern for the ministry to confronting this issue, which it has lea d to many chronic disease including renal failure in Malaysia. In my dialysis center, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were the main causes of my patients are been diagnosed with kidney disease and most of them also have excessive body weight. Although they have been diagnosed with diabetes and hypertension disease, many of them are still ignoring the daily diet and proper nutrition for them. As a result, mortality of chronic diseases becomes higher in my center. Causes Dealing with obesity, what actually cause the problem to occur? To answer these questions, we need to look at the factors that can cause obesity. According to health experts, based on the results of the study, obesity can be influenced by various factors. These factors are among genetic factors, gender, excessive eating patterns, lack of sports motion, emotion, and environmental factors. So far there has been no strong evidence and data available linking gender and genetic is the main contributors to obesity in my center. However through my experience which almost 10 years shows that obesity is more likely linked with the lifestyle and environment compared to other factors. Many experts believe that this factor does have a significant impact in contributor the cause of obesity in developing countries. Swallen KC, elt (2005) found the results of his research shows that obesity is closely linked with the unhealthy quality of life. WHO (2003) also noted that the leading factor are incre ased consumption of energy-dense foods high in saturated fats and sugars, and reduced physical activity. Thats why I find that excessive sugar intake in beverages and food will certainly lead to diabetes and if this problem is not treated immediately, patients may require dialysis to survive, because of kidney failure.Listen Read phonetically As the populations become urbanization, the increase in the standard of living and modernization in most countries is usually accompanied by increase in weight gain and obesity. Young people in socio-economic groups are more likely concerned with their career as demanding on hardworking has been a necessity in worldwide. At the same time, dependence on automated technology such as elevator facilities or modern transportation has reduce of their physical activity. In childhood obesity is already become a serious concern in Malaysia whereby obesity related complication also on rise among the them. According to Lim Y N elt. (2008) in 2006, the dialysis incident rate for age Genetic factors also play a big role in contributing to the risk of obesity where it can be inherited from the previous generation to the next generation in a family. Some individuals appear to be born with a genetic predisposition to obesity that is readily nurtured by our nations lifestyle (Thomas A. 2002). The most prominent feature of childhood obesity are other family members also face the similar problems and this usually is caused by a genetic defect called Lawrence Moon syndrome Biedl, syndrome. However, this doesnt mean that if there are families members who are obese and suffer from diabetes or hypertension, the other family members are not necessarily will get kidney disease. Implication Obesity is not a trivial issue. Its a health hazard. One of the major problems that will faced by the obesity children are insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome as stated by Kelishadi (2007) metabolic syndrome is also higher among the adult population in Asia. WHO (2002) as well reported that overweight and obesity also lead to adverse metabolic effect on blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin resistance. Risk of coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke and type 2 diabetes mellitus increase steadily with increasing BMI. This clearly shows that the obesity is one of the primary factors causing of all this chronic disease and associated with increased risk of death. In Malaysia especially in the dialysis center, the epidemic of chronic diseases have been seen to increased rapidly than expected, which almost doubled over the last decade. I find that many of my patients have diabetes and hypertension before this and up until they had suffering from kidney failure. According to The Star (2010), there is over 14.9% of Malaysian population aged above 30 are suffer from diabetes and hypertension respectively which has increase from 8.3% in 1996. While 20.7% of adults aged over 18 will be at risk suffering from high cholesterol. Lim Y N elt. (2008) also stated that diabetes mellitus continues to be the commonest cause of renal failure and has been the cause of at least half of new dialysis patients since 2002. Hypertension was the second commonest known cause of renal failure at about 7%. However the main cause of death in renal failure patients is cause by cardiovascular disease which remained the main cause of the death in 2008, accounting for 29%. A ll of these scenario show that obesity is the commonest complication related to many chronic disease. As mentioned earlier this obese subjects also had a significant impact on the economy which, the government have to bear the increasing budget and long-term financial burden to organize the health programs and such medical treatment. According to WHO (2003), Obesity accounts for 2-6% of total health care costs in several developed countries; some estimates put the figure as high as 7%. The true costs are undoubtedly much greater as not all obesity-related conditions are included in the calculations. Cost to be borne by the patient to get dialysis treatment is also very high compared with other diseases as they requiring dialysis treatment for a lifetime. Kasemsup V elt. stated, in government perspective, the average cost for hemodialisis would be approximately 49 USD per session and total costs for access to HD (without erythropoietin injection) would range from 5,140 to 7,160 USD per case per year. Total costs for PD (without erythropoietin injection) would range from 4,640 to 7,280 USD per case per year. The estimates of costs for HD and PD are similar to costs for RRT in Malaysia. As well asListen Read phonetically health care today is also considered costing a lot of cost where as health care has been made as an economic activity. For young women, obesity becomes a problem serious enough, because of their desire to be perfect and slim is a dream for them. As a result, thousands dollars of money spent on diet, medications, and treatments for losing weight. As young men they are also afraid to be fat. For them, the fat man would be experiencing problems severe enough to attract the opposite sex. This of course will require a lot of money to be spent on a diet, buy slimming drugs and sports equipment just to reduce weight. Although they had to bear the burden in the battle against obesity and the disease, with the rapid economic growth and variety of health program organized by the government, has given them a better quality of life than the past.Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically Policy Implementation of policy is very important in preventing this problem before it become into a catastrophic especially for the younger generation. Working in dialysis department has many advantages and potentials that can be done for patients to strengthen and maintain their healthy lifestyle. One of the programs in our policy here is health education, which it has a significant impact on their lifestyle. We always diversify the programs and measure they basic knowledge about the diseases and complication so they can make the wise decision to make changes in their cultural lifestyles and get help or counselling to deal with the problem of obesity. Greater emphasis on patient care also done through plan, organize, analyze and evaluate patients blood test results to determine the level of sugar and foods intake such as phosphate and potassium. The results of blood test are important to us to know their eating habits and thus the nutritional assessment can be made. The health system launched by the Ministry of Health Malaysia also very brave in implementing total transformation or make changes to the comprehensive strategy approach to combating the obesity of lifestyle. Promoting and improving weight management through programme Healthy Lifestyle Campaigns by the government has been running since 1991. However the most significant government policy in health promotion today is improving and focusing on the important of excercise, dietary habits and nutritional status under the National Nutrition Policy with the collaborations 10-year National Plan of Action for Nutrition from years 2006 to 2015. The government also has outlines the objectives, to plan and implement health promotion programmes and activities for the benefit of the community with a particular focus on youth. To fund and support sporting, recreational and cultural organizations to promote healthy lifestyles and healthy environments (Malaysian Health Promotion Board Act 2006). Recommendation Dealing to address the obesity should be made through the various aspects of approaches. Controlling eating and lack of exercise alone to achieve weight loss is not only the solution. From my past experience of public participation, it was found that the response of my patients and as well as the public to participate and understand the health programs that have been organized is very poor. The structure and guidelines with the goals, objectives and policies in form of a statement is often difficult to understand by them. As a result, their respond is very low in participation and certainly this implementation process will brings into questions on the effectiveness of health programs that can make aware of the community. Therefore, the existing campaign must be improved and intensified to convince them of the importance of health care. Health programs need to be restructured and reorganized in order to expand to the whole community, especially for the target group. Health policy shou ld be reviewed immediately in line with the increase of the disease and for a better outcome. To be more effective, I also recommend to my hospital for providing exercise facilities or fitness centres and free medical check up to attract them. Apart from that the Ministry must provide a large amount of expenditure for the purposes of promoting programs such as advertising programme, which its has own way in getting people excited about healthy lifestyle. The advertising programs that aim to reduce this burden also should be expanded and made easier for all levels of community to understand the message.Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically But for the advertising of a variety of snack food products should be prohibited by the Ministry. Concerned about a toxic environment such as urban planning and junk food in schools only the act or the law alone can change the environment into a healthier and safer for the community. However, some of the contributing factors such as fat gene the thing that cannot change but of course they can work even harder to control their way of lifestyle. But what is the most important part of all is the involvement of all parties in addressing this epidemic become more wide. Listen Read phonetically Conclusion Generally, this disease has become a huge burden in my work place as well as in my country. With the available data, show that this issue frequently occur in developing country. By knowing the most common cause and incidence of the disease, we can understand how dangerous this scenario to the society. The high prevalence rate of this problem gave a lot of negative implications on health and economy, as the society are suppose to be the economic power and energetic generation in the future. However government has reinforced their strategy and target in combating this problem. Meanwhile health policy also should be reviewed immediately to improve for better public health outcomes. If these problems are not prevented from the very beginning can weaken the structure of society and become be a heavy burden on health care system as most young people will suffering many of the chronic disease. Therefore, obesity must be tackled as soon as possible before more and more Malaysians will experience it.

Attitude Formation Essay

Attitude Formation/ Change Essay Plan INTRODUCTION: What are Attitudes? A learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favourable or unfavourable manner with respect to a given object, they are also transferable simplifies the decision making as what has been learnt from one The attitude â€Å"object†: It includes specific consumption or marketing concepts such as product, product category, brand, service, possessions, product use, price, package etc. Eg.Consumer attitudes towards online shopping. Attitudes are a learned predisposition that means attitudes are formed as a result of prior direct experience with the object through word of mouth, information acquired from others or from advertising. Attitudes are relatively consistent with the behaviour they reflect. They usually occur within a situation such as an event or circumstance that, at a particular point in time, influence the relationship between attitude and behaviour.In consumer behaviour attitudes usually rela te to consistent purchase, recommendations, top rankings, beliefs, evaluations, intentions. BODY: Tricomponent model -cognitive- the knowledge and perceptions acquired from direct contact with a product Affective: the emotions and feelings helping to evaluate the product Conative: the tendency to behave or act in a particular way MULTI ATTRIBUTE MODEL: Attitude toward object model: Suitable for measuring attitudes towards a brand, product, or service or specific brand.Presence or evaluation of certain product specific beliefs about the product-Level of positive and negative attributes, favourable or unfavourable attitudes towards the product. Attitude towards behaviour: An individual’s attitude towards behaving or acting to an object rather than an attitude towards the object itself. Eg. Your reaction/action when you are presented with a BMW. Theory of reasoned action: An integration of attitude components- the affective, the cognitive, conative-has been designed to give mark et researchers a esearch tool that better predicts and explains consumer behaviour. Theory of planned: consumers are affected by perceived behavioural control , there skills of resources can influence the outcome, has been used to understand the willingness to engage in a broad range of activities. How attitudes are learnt: -As attitudes are formed, there is a shift from no attitude to some attitude towards a particular object -this shift in attitude is a result of learning established brand names are often perceived favourably, as the result of stimulus generalisation (classical conditioning) -Sometimes attitudes follow the trial purchase of the product (instrumental conditioning) Attitudes are learned through: -classical conditioning: repeated satisfaction with other products from the same organisation -instrumental conditioning: a new product is purchased= if it proves satisfactory consumers are likely to develop a favourable attitude towards it -Cognitive learning: attitudes are formed of the basis of information found and the consumers own beliefs and knowledge.Sources of influence on formation of attitudes: family, friends, personal experience, promotional activities, mass media, internet. Personality and Attitude formation: Personality plays a critical role in attitude formation , those with a high need for cognition are likely to form positive attitudes to promotions that are rich in product related information Those with a low need of cognition have more positive attitudes towards promotions that feature attractive models or well known celebrities.

Organizational Culture at Apple Inc

Organizational Culture at Apple Inc. In the year 1976, it was a dream for most people to buy a computer for their homes. Back then the computer community added up to a few brainy hobbyists. So when Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold a van and two programmable calculators for thirteen hundred dollars and started Apple Computers, Inc. , in Jobs garage, the reach for success seemed far. But these two young business men, Wozniak 26 years old and Jobs 21 years old, had a vision. Computers aren't for nerds anymore, they announced. Computers are going to be the bicycle of the mind. Low cost computers for everyone. From the first day on the founders of Apple kept their vision intact and they spoke it at every turn. They only hired people into the company that had the same visions as they did. Even though Jobs was the founder of Apple Computers, he resigned from Apple Computers in 1985 to form NextStep Computers after losing control of Apple. Steve Jobs was re-hired in 1997 to save Apple from its beleagurement when the past three CEO's could not bring Apple to its glory days again. Steve Jobs is one of the founders of the Apple. From the beginning his main goal was to make technologies that will change the life style and that will serve the customer. Jobs left the apple during the 80ies, only to return in 1997 and completely shake things up. He is known not only as a good visionare but as well as someone whose decisions are always unpredictable (switching to Intel). He is as well known for publicly provoking his competitors (Mac vs PC videos and talking how Michael Dell and his empire are far behind Apple when it comes to innovation and that they can only copy them. Knowing to implement excellent design to all of its products – Apple is putting a lot effort when it comes to design of all its products. After Steve jobs returned to the company, both desktop and laptop computers received new stylish helmets. Even the OS X and later Tiger had better appearance than Windows. Apple Computer, Inc. has experienced both the best of times and the worst of times. The further survival and success of this company will depend on what strategic course they decide to pursue. In order to do this, the company must first re-establish what it actually is and what it aims to become. It is important to start a course of action and develop a culture that understands and supports Apple’s mission. The computer industry is important for Apple. It should therefore concentrate in its expansion. However, survival in the computer industry depends on the development of new products and technology. Products are subject to quick obsolescence and being a leader in new products is essential. In the past, a budget was cut as a cost saving measure. This is still advised due to the importance of developing new technology. Another recommendation for Apple is to consider the licensing of clones. Apple is the only company in the PC market that makes both computers and the operating systems to run them, whereas the market is dominated by computers that combine Intel processors with Microsoft operating systems. Because of their financial situation, they need to better position themselves to quickly produce and distribute any newly developed products. For example, if they developed a revolutionary new product, cloning companies could assist in the production and distribution of this technology. Revenues would be generated from the licensing agreements. This could result in quickly establishing this new technology in the industry and re-establish Apple as a leader in technology development. Developing a better marketing and distribution of their products is a further recommendation for Apple. Apple products are not as available as PCs to the retail market. People should have as easy access to Apple products as they have on other PC’s. Next, Apple should develop an integrated and easy-to-use computer system. This system could be targeted to young children and older individuals that would be interested in using a computer but do not want the hassle of setting up equipment. Although there are many different strategies to consider, Apple’s future success will depend on their future strategic decisions. Next, Apple has proved to be much more innovative in the industry than Microsoft. By trying to be always one step further, Apple has managed to develop the iPod and iTunes, as well as the iPhone which are all complements to the digital industry. Microsoft has not developed anything new and original for a long time now. It seems that all they do is creating advanced version of the operating system that is not always compatible with the old ones. Unlike Microsoft who is desperately trying to buy Yahoo! nd stay competitive, Apple does not have to do anything to prove its popularity. It already has faithful customers and their numbers are increasing every day. The reason for this is Apple’s good knowledge in customer base. Apple’s move into new industry may have different effects on its core business. However, given the success of the iPod and iTunes as well as the further promotion on the iPhone, it is safe to say that Apple is doing well in both industries. This means that Apple has already shifted in a different direction (digital music) but so far it has had a lot of success. In fact, some people might have heard about the iPod first, and then found out that Apple is actually a big and successful company that manufacturers computers as well. If a customer is satisfied with one product, he/she will be willing to buy another from the same company. If a person sees that Apple is selling all of these different products, and they are all popular and good quality, there is no reason why this person would not buy from Apple. Apple already has loyal customers and any innovation that may happen could only lead to more success. It will also increase its profits and gain more popularity. This is why, we believe that moves into new industry might impact Apple’s core business, but in a good way – bring better promotion and reputation. There are number of reasons why apple is set up for success within computer and music industry. It designs a very good quality, compatible hardware and software products. The operating system that runs on the Mac hardware (Mac OS X) remains as the major advantage over any version of Microsoft poor quality operating system with a lot of viruses, worms, spyware, and adware. Apple creates programs that run on Mac Os X operating system, and this brings bigger market share. Apple is set up for success because it targets a niche market: the Apple users. As the case study presents, it creates its own miniature techno-environment, economy with a wide range of products offered to their clients, this builds up their market share, and strengthens their position, creating future loyal customers. Apple sets up its own stores to display their products; in this way it catches new potential clients. Apple launched many advertising campaigns; one of them featured â€Å"real people† who had â€Å"switched† from the Microsoft Windows platform to the Mac. A popular advertising slogan â€Å"Think Different† remained the integral part of Apples identity. Put simply, Apple approaches the customers, with original, funny ads, this precipitates to the creation of the products considered as fashionable, well designed and build on Apple technology. Apple owns a big share of the market, which makes it easier for the future success. It is better to work for Apple because it s a dynamically growing company with well developed campuses where the employees play and work at the same time. With the high technology used in the Apple product, employee can participate in the development or learn how company like Apple works. Apple is a rewarding environment in which employees can build their career using their special skills and talents. Apple is looking for newly graduated stude nts, and professional programmers who are looking for work sacrificed for people who would like to work in different departments, starting from Mac Hardware Engineering finishing on Retail. It is worth working for a company like Apple because of the success that the company has achieved. Steve Jobs has done an amazing job at revitalizing Apple Computers. He took over Apple when it was at the brink of death, and brought back with much life. In spite of the bad publicity about its unprofitable quarters, predictions about its death, falling market share, and advice on how to save the business (i. e. make Windows compatible hardware), Jobs continued to prove the critics wrong. Even with the 5% market share, Apple is trying hard to increase its market share. As the world’s lowest paid CEO at $1 per year (Guinness World Records, 2000), Jobs strives to make Apple provide the best computing experience to its users. To be a successful CEO, one must understand the market they are competing in. Even though the previous CEOs did not have any computer related experiences, but was highly successful and regarded at their previous positions. The CEOs did fail to adapt their strategies remain competitive in the computer market. Scully could not maintain the competitive advantage it once had, and the other two CEOs did not have the right strategies to bring Apple back to its glory. Because they did not fully understand the computer market as Jobs had done, they unsuccessfully struggled to keep Apple from falling farther down the market. With Jobs deep understanding of the computer market as a pioneer in two businesses, consumer, and a technician, he implemented many of the strategies Apple should have done in the beginning. His added value to the Mac with software, customized the products to a target market, and simplified the product chart. Steve Jobs has successfully saved Apple from death, but he faces a greater challenge, increasing market share. As long as Jobs can maintain Apple’s competitive advantage and sustain it, increasing market share should not be too much of a problem. References http://www. bloggingstocks. com/category/battle-of-the-brands/2. http://piqued. brianfrantz. com/? s=apple3. www. dailyindia. com4. http://www. operating-system. org/betriebssystem/_english/bs-macos.

Understanding the Self- a Comparison of Descartes and...

Descartes and Augustine, in their respective examinations of the mind and God, come to the conclusion that the true understanding of all things derives from the withdrawal of the self from foreign influence and the necessity to look inward. Although each thinker’s journey or course of understanding was different, and at times rather contrasting, their ultimate realizations about knowledge are very coherent. Doubt is one of the primary focuses and a central aspect in examining the self for both Descartes and Augustine that stems from mistrust in the senses. The difference between these philosophers is the extent to which they believe removal from the senses is necessary. Descartes is more of a radical in this aspect as he feels that all†¦show more content†¦It is important to note that Descartes was influenced in several aspects of his philosophy by studying Augustine himself and this could explain why Descartes was able to come to the realization quicker. For Augustine, the journey is complete when turns to himself in search for understanding and answers, rather than the transient things around him, like the death of his close from in Book IV of The Confessions. Descartes understands that because he has the ability to think and doubt he exists, he has the ability to reason regardless of any physical influence. Augustine has a similar understanding in relation to God which resul ts in his ultimate conversion and understanding of himself and God. Augustine and Descartes seek to explain and recognize the existence of God by understanding and acknowledging themselves as finite beings. They would both agree that in order to understand God, one must first understand what it means exist. This can only be achieved by examining the self. Descartes reasons that humans are certainly not infinite and perfect, so where else could the idea of infinite and perfect come from other than some thing that possesses those qualities; God. 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